Leningrad Blockade


Ivan Pavlov’s research into classical conditioning and reflex systems made his pack of laboratory dogs world famous. However, not even their celebrity as stars of the scientific world could save them during the horrendous Siege of Leningrad. As conditions worsened, the successors to Pavlov’s original dogs were eaten by famished researchers. Ivan Pavlov was a physiologist but is best remembered for his psychological observations that developed […]

Pavlovian response


More people died in the Siege of Leningrad than the combined World War Two losses of the United Kingdom and United States combined. The Siege, also known as the Leningrad Blockade, lasted 872 days and, according to some estimates, resulted in over a million deaths each from the Red Army and the civilian population. Estimates of total deaths range from 1,117,000 to 4,500,000, but even at […]

The deadliest battle